Ching Lik Hii

Contact

• workRoom B1C20 Block B1
  Malaysia Campus
  Jalan Broga
  43500 Semenyih
  Selangor Darul Ehsan
  Malaysia
• work+6 (03) 8924 8714
• fax+6 (03) 8924 8017
• Ching-Lik.Hii@nottingham.edu.my
• http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Engineering/People/ching-lik.hii

Biography

Ir Dr. Hii Ching Lik is Professor of Chemical Engineering and Director of UG Studies in the Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (Academic staff since Aug 2010). In campus research, he is Co-Director of the Future Food Malaysia Research Centre. Professionally, he has more than 25 years of working experience both in the food industry and academia. His expertise areas include food & bioproduct processing, industrial drying, cocoa & chocolate processing and heat & mass transfer operations. Ir Dr Hii is a Professional Engineer (PEng) registered with Board of Engineers Malaysia, ASEAN Chartered Professional Engineer (ACPE), Corporate Member of the Institution of Engineers Malaysia (MIEM), Chartered Member of the Institution of Chemical Engineers (MIChemE), Chartered Engineer of the Engineering Council UK (CEng) and Fellow of the Higher Education Academy UK (FHEA). Externally, he also serves as Chair of the IChemE Food & Drink Special Interest Group (Malaysia Chapter), Committee Member of the Food & Drink Special Interest Group (UK), Committee Member of the IEM Agricultural and Food Engineering Technical Division, Member of the International Advisory Board for Asia-Pacific Drying Conference (ADC) and International Symposium on Processing of Foods, Vegetables and Fruits (ISPFVF). Ir Dr Hii is Co-Editor of two books published by CRC Press: "Drying and Roasting of Cocoa and Coffee" and "Drying of Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants".

Expertise Summary

Professional registrations: PEng, CEng, ACPE, MIEM, MICHEME, FHEA

Academic qualifications: BEng (Hons) Degree (First Class) in Chemical Engineering (University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, 1996), MSc Degree in Food Processing and Engineering (Universiti Putra Malaysia, 2004), PhD Degree in Chemical Engineering (University of Nottingham Malaysia, 2010) and Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (University of Nottingham, 2014)

Teaching Summary

Present: Food Processing Technology; Transport Phenomena; Mathematical Methods

Past: Heat & Mass Transfer; Particle Mechanics; Industrial Dehydration; Chemical Products Design; Computer System; Introductory Chemistry; Waste Management; Fluid Mechanics

Research Summary

Ir Dr Hii current research interests are in the areas of drying & dehydration technologies, preservation of food antioxidants/nutrients, bio-products processing and computer simulation on heat… read more

Selected Publications

• NISSA MC, DJAENI M, NABILA PR, SASONGKO SB and HII CL, 2024. Performance evaluation of a rotary dryer for onion bulb drying Food Research. 8(Suppl-1), 18-22
• TAN CH, ISHAK WRW, EASA AM, HII CL, CHUO KMJ, HOW YH and PUI LP, 2023. From waste to wealth: a review on valorisation of durian waste as functional food ingredient Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization.
• SHIN, WOO IN, FOO, JIA WEI, PUTRANTO, ADITYA and HII, CHING LIK, 2024. Simulating the Moisture Diffusion and Evaporation of Sawdust during Convective Drying using the Spatial Reaction Engineering Approach Chemical Engineering & Technology. 47(2),

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Awards/Recognitions

Vice Chancellor's Medal (2017, 2022)

UNM Staff Reward & Recognition Award 2022

IChemE EdSIG Award 2021 (Second runner up)

Lord Dearing Award (2020)

University of Nottingham Malaysia Alumnus of the Year (2018)

Faculty Teaching Award (2020)

Faculty Outreach Award (2019, 2020, 2021)

Faculty Research Award (2017, 2021)

Drying Technology Top 30 Journal Referees (2017, 2020)

Outstanding Contribution to Editorial Processing of Ebooks in S.E.T (2014)

PIID 2021 (Bronze), TLIF 2019 (Bronze)

IIDEX 2015 (Silver & Bronze), PERINTIS 2014 (Silver)

MTE 2009 (Bronze)

Malaysian Cocoa Board Excellence Service Award (2000 & 2004)

Professional Appointments

IChemE Malaysia Food and Drink SIG (Chair, since 2020)

IChemE UK Food and Drink SIG (Committee Member, since 2018)

IEM Agricultural and Food Engineering Technical Division (Committee Member 2021/22, 22/23, 23/24)

Journal of Applied Food Technology (Editor)

American Journal of Food Science and Technology (Editor)

Processes (Guest-editor)

Current Research

Ir Dr Hii current research interests are in the areas of drying & dehydration technologies, preservation of food antioxidants/nutrients, bio-products processing and computer simulation on heat & mass transfer during drying/diffusion (Google Scholar). In the past and including to date, he has carried out research for several types of agriculture/food products such as cocoa beans, chocolates, star fruits, herbs, kedondong, chicken meat, papaya leaf and also investigated/developed several processing technologies such as heat pump drying, adsorption drying, stepwise drying, hybrid drying and solar drying. Particularly, he is interested to investigate the effect of processing on the quality and antioxidants/nutritional properties of underutilized agriculture materials in his current research. His current research collaborations are with Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysian Cocoa Board (MCB), Diponegoro University (Indonesia) and MARDI.

Currently, Ir Dr Hii is also looking into aspects of engineering education and have carried out studies in classroom design attributes and web interactive technology in teaching.

Research Field: Drying & Dehydration; Food & Bioproducts Processing; Mathematical Modelling; Cocoa and Chocolate; Food Quality; Heat and Mass Transfer

The following are some on-going projects currently carried out under his supervision.

On going:

FRGS Project: Elucidation of the in vitro release kinetics of carpaine nano-emulsion under unsteady state diffusion condition (FRGS) - Miss Goh Chin Yee (Phd candidate)

Past Research

Production of high polyphenols cocoa (e-Science, completed) - Dr Ahbay S. Menon

Drying of Spondias dulcis and product quality (CFF-DTP, completed) - Dr May Ee Cheak Theng

Elucidating the degradation kinetics of carpaine to enhance the retention in papaya leaves extract for dengue treatment (FRGS, completed) - Dr Sharon Yap Jing Ying

Future Research

Food and bioproduct processing

Future food

Digital learning technology

• NISSA MC, AYUNI DQ, SASONGKO SB, PRASETYANINGRUM A, DJAENI M and HII CL, 2024. Effect of the moisture adsorbents on shallot bulb drying Asian J. Agric. Biol.. 1, 2023100
• SHIN, WOO IN, FOO, JIA WEI, PUTRANTO, ADITYA and HII, CHING LIK, 2024. Simulating the Moisture Diffusion and Evaporation of Sawdust during Convective Drying using the Spatial Reaction Engineering Approach Chemical Engineering & Technology. 47(2),
• NISSA MC, DJAENI M, NABILA PR, SASONGKO SB and HII CL, 2024. Performance evaluation of a rotary dryer for onion bulb drying Food Research. 8(Suppl-1), 18-22
• YAPINSKI, DOMINICO DELVEN, MAK, YU SHUEN, LIM, SIEW SHEE and HII, CHING LIK, 2023. Impact of Microwave Heat Treatment on the Dehydration Kinetics and Properties of Gelatin Membrane Chemical Engineering & Technology. 46(4),
• TAN CH, ISHAK WRW, EASA AM, HII CL, CHUO KMJ, HOW YH and PUI LP, 2023. From waste to wealth: a review on valorisation of durian waste as functional food ingredient Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization.
• SIQHNY ZD, UTARI FD, AYUNI DQ, DJAENI M, HII CL and AL-BAARRI AN, 2023. Heat efficiency improvement and color evaluation of red chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens) drying with air dehumidification using silica gel ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 18(20),
• CHEAK THENG EE, CHING LIK HII, SZE PHENG ONG, CHUNG LIM LAW and CHOON HUI TAN, 2022. Hybridization of freeze drying and impacts on drying kinetics and dried product quality of kedondong fruits Drying Technology. 40(16), 1-12
• HII,CHINGLIK, CHIANG,CHOON LAI and TAN,REBECCA LI LIAN, 2022. Simulation of mass transfer kinetics of microwave drying of fish paste AIP Conference Proceedings. 2357(1), 040006
• CHOON HUI TAN, CHING LIK HII, CHALEEDA BOROMPICHAICHARTKUL, PUTTAPONG PHUMSOMBAT, IANNE KONG and LIEW PHING PUI, 2022. Valorization of fruits, vegetables, and their by-products: Drying and bio-drying Drying Technology. 40(8), 1-25
• JY YAP, CL HII, SP ONG, KH LIM, F ABAS and KY PIN, 2022. Degradation kinetics of carpaine and antioxidant properties of dried Carica papaya leaves as affected by drying methods International Journal of Food Engineering. 18(8-9), 593-602
• C L HII, N A R S KUMARAN, C H CHEAH, K L TAN, B MISTRY and C L CHIANG, 2022. Baking Kinetics and Characteristics of Cake Mixture Formulated with Mealworm Powder IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 1257(1), 012052
• JING YING YAP, CHING LIK HII, SZE PHENG ONG, KUAN HON LIM, FARIDAH ABAS and KAR YONG PIN, 2021. Quantification of Carpaine and Antioxidant Properties of Extracts from Carica Papaya Plant Leaves and Stalks Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts.
• MOHAMAD DJAENI, DEWI QURROTA A’YUNI, MISBAHUDIN ALHANIF, CHING LIK HII and ANDRI CAHYO KUMORO, 2021. Air dehumidification with advance adsorptive materials for food drying: A critical assessment for future prospective Drying Technology. 0(0), 1-19
• MOHAMAD DJAENI, HADIYANTO HADIYANTO, ANDRI CAHYO KUMORO, FEBIANI DWI UTARI and CHING-LIK HII, 2021. Improvements in thermal efficiency of onion slice drying by exhaust air recycling Cogent Engineering. 8(1), 1920562
• CHING LIK HII, SZE PHENG ONG, JING YING YAP, ADITYA PUTRANTO and DAVE MANGINDAAN, 2021. Hybrid drying of food and bioproducts: a review Drying Technology. 0(0), 1-23
• CAO, HUI, SAROGLU, OZNUR, KARADAG, AYSE, DIACONEASA, ZORIŢA, ZOCCATELLI, GIANNI, CONTE-JUNIOR, CARLOS ADAM, GONZALEZ-AGUILAR, GUSTAVO A., OU, JUANYING, BAI, WEIBIN, ZAMARIOLI, CRISTINA MARA, DE FREITAS, LUIS ALEXANDRE PEDRO, SHPIGELMAN, AVI, CAMPELO, PEDRO H., CAPANOGLU, ESRA, HII, CHING LIK, JAFARI, SEID MAHDI, QI, YAPING, LIAO, PAN, WANG, MINGFU, ZOU, LIANG, BOURKE, PAULA, SIMAL-GANDARA, JESUS and XIAO, JIANBO, 2021. Available technologies on improving the stability of polyphenols in food processing Food Frontiers. 2(2), 109-139
• EE, C.T., KHAW, Y.J., HII, C.L., CHIANG, C.L. and DJAENI, M, 2021. Drying Kinetics and Modelling of Convective Drying of Kedondong Fruit ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering. 21(1), 93-103
• ISMAIL, MUHAMMAD HEIKAL, LIK, HII CHING, ROUTRAY, WINNY and WOO, MENG WAI, 2021. Determining the Effect of Pre-Treatment in Rice Noodle Quality Subjected to Dehydration through Hierarchical Scoring Processes. 9(8),
• C L HII, C GOVIND, C L CHIANG and D MOHAMMAD, 2021. Modelling the kinetics of microwave drying of shallot (Allium cepa) slices IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering: 32nd Symposium of Malaysian Chemical Engineers (SOMChE2021). 1195(1), 012033
• CLEMENT A. KOMOLAFE, MUFUTAU A. WAHEED, CHIDOZIE EZEKWEM and CHING LIK HII, 2021. Numerical Analysis of Three-Dimensional Heat and Mass Transfer in Cocoa Beans Under a Solar Drying Condition With a Thermal Storage Material Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications. 14(7),
• YAP, JING Y, HII, CHING L, ONG, SZE P, LIM, KUAN H, ABAS, FARIDAH and PIN, KAR Y, 2020. Effects of drying on total polyphenols content and antioxidant properties of Carica papaya leaves Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 100(7), 2932-2937
• MOHD YUSOF, HANNA AMIRAH, NG, JES LYNN, NG, SZE CHIAT, LEE, YAN JIE, HII, CHING LIK and PUTRANTO, ADITYA, 2020. Modeling of Convective Drying of Sawdust Using a Reaction Engineering Approach Chemical Engineering & Technology.
• ISMAIL, M.H., KHAN, K.A., NGADISIH, N., IRIE, M., ONG, S.P., HII, C.L. and LAW, C.L., 2020. Two‐step falling rate in the drying kinetics of rice noodle subjected to pre‐treatment and temperature J Food Process Preserv.. 0(e14849), 0
• C.L. HII, 2020. Online Teaching Delivery during COVID-19 In: IChemE Education Special Interest Group Newsletter.
• SEAH, W.H., ALECIA WONG, S.M., NIE NAIK, W.Q., TAN, C.M., CHIANG, C.L. and HII, C.L., 2020. Convective Baking Characteristics and Effective Moisture Diffusivities of Yellow Mealworms ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering. 20(2), 165-173
• C L HII, S P ONG, C L CHIANG and AS MENON, 2019. A review of quality characteristics of solar dried food crop products IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 292, 012054
• M.D. YAACOB, K.Y. LEONG, M.R.J. SATHIK, N.F. TAN, C.T. EE, S.P. ONG and C.L. HII, 2019. Modelling of Osmotic Dehydration of Kedondong Fruit (Spondias dulcis) Immersed in Natural Pineapple Juice Asia - Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. 24(3),
• C.L. CHIANG, C.L. HII, S.P. ONG, S.S. LIM, T.J. TIONG and N. ROSLI, 2019. Enhancing classroom engagement through web-based interactive tools In: Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2019. 218-220
• EE, CHEAK THENG, HII, CHING LIK, ONG, SZE PHENG, LAW, CHUNG LIM, JULKIFLE, ADVINA, TAN, KHANG WEI and TAN, CHOON HUI, 2019. Convective Air Drying of Spondias Dulcis and Product Quality INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING. 15(3-4),
• CL HII, SP ONG, CL CHIANG, L DEPRETTO, CH PANG and DE TAN, 2019. Classroom design attributes: An investigation of staffs’ and students' preferences In: Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day. 216-217
• THAM, T.C., NG, M.X., ONG, S.P., HII, C.L. and LAW, C.L., 2018. Application of microwave-assisted drying on specific energy consumption, effective diffusion coefficient and topological changes of crumb natural rubber (Cis-1, 4- polyisoprene) Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification. 128, 19-35
• RUMAISA N, HANIM MRN and HII CL, 2018. Superheated Steam Drying of Black Tea and Quality Improvement International Journal of Food Engineering.
• BAGHDADI, YM and HII, C.L., 2017. MASS TRANSFER KINETICS AND EFFECTIVE DIFFUSIVITIES DURING COCOA ROASTING Journal of Engineering Science and Technology. 12(1), 127-137
• C.L. HII, A.S. MENON, C.L. CHIANG and S. SUZANNAH, 2017. Kinetics of hot air roasting of cocoa nibs and product quality Journal of Food Process Engineering. 40(3), e12467
• T.C. THAM, M.X. NG, S.H. GAN, L.S. CHUA, R. AZIZ, L.A. CHUAH, C.L. HII, S.P. ONG, N.L. CHIN and C.L. LAW, 2017. Effect of Ambient Conditions on Drying of Herbs in Solar Greenhouse Dryer with Integrated Heat Pump Drying Technology. 35(14), 1721-1732
• ABHAY SANTHANAM MENON, CHING LIK HII, CHUNG LIM LAW, SUZANNAH SHARIF and MOHAMMAD DJAENI, 2017. Effects of Drying on the Production of Polyphenol-Rich Cocoa Beans Drying Technology. 35(15), 1799-1806
• NURUL ASIAH, MOHAMAD DJAENI and HII CHING LIK, 2017. Moisture Transport Mechanism and Drying Kinetic of Fresh Harvested Red Onion Bulbs under Dehumidified Air International Journal of Food Engineering. 13(9),
• LAW CHUNG LIM, HII CHING LIK, SACHIN V. JANGAM and ARUN S. MUJUMDAR, eds., 2017. Processing and Drying of Tropical Fruits TPR Group.
• Q.T.M. TEH, G.L.Y. TAN, S.M. LOO, F.Z. AZHAR, A.S. MENON and C.L. HII, 2016. THE DRYING KINETICS AND POLYPHENOL DEGRADATION OF COCOA BEANS Journal of Food Process Engineering. 39(5), 484-491
• ABHAY S.M., HII C.L., LAW C.L., SUZANNAH S. and DJAENI M., 2016. Effect of hot-air drying temperature on the polyphenol content and the sensory properties of cocoa beans International Food Research Journal. 23(4), 1479-1484
• ISMAIL, M.H., LAW, C.L. and HII, C.L., 2016. Transparency phenomena of flat-rice noodles (kuew teow) at drying at soaking variation International Food Research Journal. 23, S195-S202
• C.L. HII, S.V. JANGAM, S.P. ONG, P.L. SHOW and A.S. MUJUMDAR, eds., 2015. Processing of Foods, Vegetables and Fruits: Recent Advances TPR group.
• N.N. MISRA, P.J. CULLEN, F.J. BARBA, C.L. HII, H. JAEGAR, J. SCHMIDT, A. KOVACS and H. YOSHIDA, 2015. EMERGING MACROSCOPIC PRETREATMENT. In: CHARIS M. GALANAKIS, ed., Food Waste Recovery: Processing technologies and industrial techniques Elsevier - Academic Press.
• A.S. MENON, C.L. HII, C.L. LAW, S. SUZANNAH and M. DJAENI, 2015. EFFECTS OF WATER BLANCHING ON TOTAL POLYPHENOL CONTENTS OF DRIED COCOA BEANS In: The 8th Asia Pacific Drying Conference. 190-193
• A.S. MENON, C.L. HII, C.L. LAW, S. SUZANNAH and M. DJAENI, 2015. Effects of water blanching on polyphenol reaction kinetics and quality of cocoa beans In: AIP conference proceedings. 1699.
• C.L. HII and J.F. OGUGO, 2014. Effect of pretreatment on the drying kinetics and product quality of star fruit slices Journal of Engineering Science and Technology. 9(1), 123-135
• C.L. HII, C.E. ITAM and S.P. ONG, 2014. Convective Air Drying of Raw and Cooked Chicken Meats Drying Technology. 32(11), 1304-1309
• T.C. THAM, C.L. HII, S.P. ONG, N.L. CHIN, A.C. LUQMAN and C.L. LAW, 2014. Measurement on the effect of microwave energy in drying - technical review In: The 3rd International Symposium of Processing of Foods, Vegetable and Fruits. 233-237
• C.L. HII, S.P. ONG and P.L. SHOW, eds., 2014. Proceedings of The 3rd International Symposium on Processing of Foods, Vegetables and Fruits ISPFVF2014.
• T.C. THAM, C.L. HII, S.P. ONG, N.L. CHIN, A.C. LUQMAN and C.L. LAW, 2014. Technical Review on Crumb Rubber Drying Process and the Potential of Advanced Drying Technique Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia. 2, 26-30
• M. DJAENI, D. ANGGORO, G.W. SANTOSO, D. AGUSTINA, N. ASIAH and C.L. HII, 2014. Enhancing The Food Product Drying with Air Dehumidified by Zeolite Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology. 6(7), 833-838
• C.L. HII, C.L. LAW and M.C. LAW, 2013. Simulation of heat and mass transfer of cocoa beans under stepwise drying conditions in a heat pump dryer Applied Thermal Engineering. 54, 264-271
• M. DJAENI, A. PRASETYANINGRUM, S. B. SASONGKO, W. WIDAYAT and C.L. HII, 2013. Application of foam-mat drying with egg white for carrageenan: drying rate and product quality aspects Journal of Food Science and Technology.
• C.L. HII, C.L. LAW and S. SUZANNAH, 2013. Quality of heat pump dried cocoa beans (in Chinese) Drying Technology and Equipment. 11(3), 46-56
• C.L. HII, S. JANGAM, C.L. CHIANG and A.S. MUJUMDAR, 2013. Processing and Drying of Foods, Vegetables and Fruits TPR group NUS, Singapore.
• CHIANG CHOON LAI,, HII CHING LIK,, LAW CHUNG LIM and LAW MING CHIAT, 2013. Modelling of the Heat and Mass Transfer Kinetics of Cocoa Drying In: Malaysian International Cocoa Conference 2013.
• A.S. MENON, C.L. HII, C.L. LAW and S. SUZANNAH, 2013. Effect of heat treatments on cocoa polyphenols during drying In: Malaysia International Cocoa Conference 2013.
• S.P. ONG, C.L. HII and C.L. LAW, 2013. Microstructure and properties changes in fruits and vegetables during drying. Paper presented in XIII Polish Drying Symposium In: 13th Polish Drying Symposium.
• C.L. HII and C.E. ITAM, 2013. Convective air drying of raw and cooked chicken meat In: 13th Polish Drying Symposium.
• M.S. CHIAW, C.L. HII, C.L. LAW, S.P. ONG, N.L. CHIN and L.C. ABDULLAH, 2013. Study of Fluidised bed coating using epoxy powder on copper In: Euro drying 2013.
• C.L. HII and A.S. MENON, 2013. Cocoa processing. In: C.L. HII, S. JANGAM, C.L. CHIANG and A.S. MUJUMDAR, eds., Processing and Drying of Foods, Vegetables and Fruits TPR group NUS, Singapore.
• C.L. HII, C.L. LAW and S. SUZANNAH, 2013. Quality of heat pump dried cocoa beans. In: C.L. HII, S. JANGAM, C.L. CHIANG and A.S. MUJUMDAR, eds., Processing and Drying of Foods, Vegetables and Fruits TPR group NUS, Singapore.
• CHING LIK HII, CHUNG LIM LAW and SUZANNAH SHARIF, 2012. Drying kinetics of the individual layer of cocoa beans during heat pump drying Journal of Food Engineering. 108(2), 276-282
• S. GAN, S. HANSON, D.G. HASSELL, C.L. HII, F. KABIR, P.L. LAU, L.Y. LEE, S.S. SPOTAR and T. WILSON, 2012. The introduction of an autumn and spring activity week into the first year of a chemical engineering undergraduate program in Malaysia Education for Chemical Engineers. 7(3), 125-132
• C.L. HII and S.P. ONG, 2012. E-proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium of Processing and Drying of Fruits, Vegetable and Fruits ISPDFVF.
• C.L. HII, S. JANGAM, S.P. ONG and A.S. MUJUMDAR, 2012. Solar drying: Fundamentals, Applications and Innovations TPR Group, NUS, Singapore.
• C.L. HII, 2012. Quality of heat pump dried cocoa beans In: The 2nd ISPDFVF 2012.
• C.L. HII and A.B. YOUSRA, 2012. Effects of temperature and moisture addition on the mass transfer kinetics and effective diffusivities during cocoa roasting In: CIGR-AgEng2012, Valencia, Spain.
• S.SUZANNAH and C.L. HII, 2012. Cocoa polyphenols In: The 2nd ISPDFVF 2012.
• S.P. ONG, C.L.LAW and C.L. HII, 2012. Optimization of Heat Pump Assisted Intermittent Drying Drying Technology. 30(15), 1676-1687
• HII, C.L. and ONG, S.P., 2012. Quality Characteristics of Solar Dried Products. In: HII, C.L., JANGAM, S.V., ONG, S.P. and MUJUMDAR, A.S., eds., Solar Drying: Fundamentals, Applications and Innovations TPR Group.
• CHIANG CHOON LAI and CHING LIK HII, 2012. Drying Aspects of Cocoa Beans during Primary and Secondary Processing In: International Conference on Agricuturural and Food Engineering 2012, “Bringing Engineering to Life”.
• C.L. HII and C.L. LAW, 2012. Drying kinetics of the testa and cotyledon layers of cocoa beans In: Cafei-UPM 2012.
• C.L. HII and C.L. LAW, 2012. Solar drying of major commodity products. In: C.L. HII, S. JANGAM, S.P. ONG and A.S. MUJUMDAR, eds., Solar drying: Fundamentals, Applications and Innovations TPR group NUS, Singapore.
• CHING LIK HII, CHUNG LIM LAW, MICHAEL CLOKE and SUZANNAH SHARIF, 2011. Improving Malaysian cocoa quality through the use of dehumidified air under mild drying conditions Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 91(2), 239-246
• SZE PHENG ONG, CHUNG LIM LAW and CHING LIK HII, 2011. Effect of pre-treatment and drying method on colour degradation kinetics of dried salak fruit during storage Food and Bioprocess Technology.
• OMAR, S, DOMINIC, C.Y. FOO, HII, C.L. and LAW, C.L., 2011. Process simulation and debottlenecking for an industrial cocoa manufacturing process Food and Bioproducts Processing. 89(4), 528-536
• C.L. HII, S.P. ONG and C.L. LAW, 2011. Drying studies of tropical fruits cultivated in Malaysia: A review Journal of Applied Sciences. 11(24), 3815-3820
• C.L. HII and J.R. OGUGO, 2011. Effect of pre-treatment on the drying kinetics and product quality of star fruit In: ICCEIB -SOMChE 2011.
• C.L. HII, S.P. ONG and C.L. LAW, 2011. Drying studies of tropical fruits in Malaysia In: The 7th Asian Pacific drying Conference, Tian Jin, China..
• C.L. HII, 2011. Cocoa processing In: International Symposium of Processing and Drying of Fruits, Vegetable and fruits, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia..
• HII, C.L. and LAW, C.L., 2010. Product quality evolution during drying of foods, vegetables and fruit. In: Drying of Foods, Vegetables and Fruits, Vol. 1 1. NUS.
• C.L. HII and C.L. LAW, 2010. Heat pump drying of cocoa beans In: The 13th Asia Pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering Congress, Taipei, Taiwan..
• CHING LIK HII, CHUNG LIM LAW, MICHAEL CLOKE and SUZANNAH SHARIF, 2009. Thin layer drying kinetics of cocoa and product quality Biosystems Engineering. 102(2), 153-161
• CHING LIK HII, CHUNG LIM LAW and MICHAEL CLOKE, 2009. Modeling using a new thin layer drying model and product quality of cocoa Journal of Food Engineering. 90(2), 191-198
• CHING LIK HII, CHUNG LIM LAW, SUZANNAH SHARIF, MISNAWI and MICHAEL CLOKE, 2009. Polyphenols in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Asian Journal of Food and Agro-industry. 2(4), 702-722
• CHING LIK HII, CHUNG LIM LAW and MICHAEL CLOKE, 2009. Determination of effective diffusivity of cocoa beans using variable diffusivity model Journal of Applied Sciences. 9(17), 3116-3120
• C.L. HII, S.P. ONG and C.L. LAW, 2009. Antioxidants in dried food products In: Proceedings of the 6th Asia-Pacific Drying Conference (ADC2009), ed. S. Devahastin. 411-419
• C.L. HII, C.L. LAW and M. CLOKE, 2009. Shrinkage of cocoa beans during hot air drying In: Proceedings of the 6th Asia-Pacific Drying Conference (ADC2009), ed. S. Devahastin. 359-362
• C.L. HII, C.L. LAW and M. CLOKE, 2009. Shrinkage of bean dimensions during hot air drying of cocoa In: The 12th Polish Drying Symposium.
• HII, C.L., LAW, C.L. and CLOKE, M., 2009. Determination of effective Diffusivity of Cocoa Beans using Variable diffusivity Model In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering (ICCBPE2009) in conjuction with the 23rd Symposium of Malaysian Chemical Engineers (SOMChE2009). 1309-1313
• C.L. HII, C.L. LAW, SUZANNAH, S. and CLOKE, M., 2009. Polyphenols in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.): A Review Paper In: Food Innovation Asia Conference (FIAC2009)..
• C.L. HII, C.L. LAW and M. CLOKE, 2009. Effective Diffusivity of cocoa beans during drying In: Malaysia International Cocoa Conference (MICC2009)..
• CHING LIK HII, CHUNG LIM LAW and MICHAEL CLOKE, 2008. Modeling of thin layer drying kinetics of cocoa beans during artificial and natural drying Journal of Engineering Science & Technology. 3(1), 1-10
• C.H. CHONG, C.L. LAW, M. CLOKE, C.L. HII, L.C. ABDULLAH and W.R. WAN DAUD, 2008. Drying kinetics and product quality of dried chempedak Journal of Food Engineering. 88(4), 522-527
• HII, C.L., LAW, C.L. and MUJUMDAR, A.S., 2008. Quality aspects in food drying. In: Guide to Industrial Drying IDS. 267-277
• C.L. HII, C.L. LAW and M. CLOKE, 2008. Effective diffusivity of cocoa beans as estimated using various mathematical models based on Fick’s law of diffusion In: Proceedings of the 22nd Symposium of Malaysian Chemical Engineers (SOMChe2008) and 15th Regional Symposium of Chemical Engineering (RSCE2008), eds. Daud et al. 857-862
• C.L. HII, C.L. LAW, M. CLOKE and S. SUZANNAH, 2008. Total polyphenol content of cocoa beans dried using the natural and artificial drying methods In: In Proceedings of the 16th International Drying Symposium (IDS2008), ed. B.N. Thorat. 572-577
• C.L. HII, C.L. LAW and CLOKE, M., 2008. Developments of drying technology in cocoa processing In: Proceedings of the 16th International Drying Symposium (IDS2008), ed. B.N. Thorat. 1363-1370
• C.L. HII, C.L. LAW and CLOKE, M., 2007. Modeling of thin layer drying kinetics of cocoa beans during artificial and natural drying In: The 21stSymposium of Malaysian Chemical Engineers (SOMChe 2007)..
• C.L. HII and C.L. LAW, 2007. A survey of Malaysian cocoa smallholders processing practices and its effects on dried cocoa quality In: Proceedings of the 5th Asia-Pacific Drying Conference (ADC2007). 1005-1010
• C.L. HII, C.L. LAW, ABD RAHMAN., R and JINAP. S, 2007. Quality comparison of cocoa beans dried using solar and sun drying with perforated and non-perforated drying platforms In: Proceedings of the 5th Asia-Pacific Drying Conference (ADC2007). 546-552
• HII, C.L., 2004. Cocoa drying. In: Dehydration of Products of Biological Origin Science Publisher. 203-222